Fracking Present Issues Today s Operational And Global...

Mirelly Robalino Professor White Analytical Reading and Writing March 28, 2017 Fracking: Present Issues In today’s operational and global economy, energy is considered one the most sought out and fundamental commodities. While an individual’s environmental role plays a vital role in their overall health; there are more specific geographic areas having instrumental actions that take part in shaping an individuals’ health. Where and who the supplies come from as well as the amount of production often determine how much influence they have over growing nations as well as having an impact on the global economy. Unfortunately, people who live near toxic wastes or byproducts of industrialized energy often have a body that is in constant†¦show more content†¦Seeing as though if persistent of rapid expansion of production and rapid change of technology is what may be the underlying cause of the impacts both issues face. But the growth has also brought questions about whether both current and future production can be done in an environmentally sound fashion that m eets the needs of public trust. Negligence is also an important factor that usually intensifies with time. For instance, an article written by Melanie R. Kay on â€Å"Environmental Negligence: A Proposal for a New Cause of Action for the Forgotten Innocent Owners of Contaminated Land† conveys the reality of how a simple landowner who has neglected the ideas that by â€Å"illegally dumped several barrels of toxic contaminants each year, either to avoid disposal fees or simply because he did not know he was doing anything wrong.† (149) Thus, now leaving the effects of the pollution and the responsibility of solving the issue to the next landowner to deal with. In hydraulic fracturing environments, this is very common. Similarly, if a gas and oil company were to drill for shale gas near one’s home, they – by law – are permitted to drill near one’s soil unless you are the owner of the land. This is where the companies offer large amount of money to buy your land knowing that t he consequences to the nearbyShow MoreRelatedThe Economy Is Making Progress Because Of The Mass Production Of Technology1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe economy is making progress because of the mass production of technology. Due to globalization, innovations of technology has created an economic growth and made communication easy. A challenge that humanity must face, is the skill of cultural diversity. These conditions are altered because of the renewed dialogue among cultures and civilizations. (Ogohi) Many people in the 21st century benefit because of accessibility, whereas the Romans during the 1st century received information from beingRead MoreExxon Mobile Capstone40455 Words   |  162 Pages......................................................1   EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................................2   Major  Issues ....................... .................................................................................................................................................2   Key  Analysis...............................................................

Essay on Corporate Crime - 2732 Words

Between April 20th 2010 and July 15th 2010, BPs drilling rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico was the biggest oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. Eleven people died. # of days later and $ in fines, BP stopped the spilling of oil into the ocean. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) reported on September 17th, â€Å"in terms of land animals, at least 3000 have died, tens of thousands of others have been affected [including] millions of sea organisms [although] there is no accurate count†. Conversely, it is unlikely that other than those that have been directly affected can recall the amphetamine weight loss drug scandals between the 1960’s to 1990. For that matter, likely few are motivated enough to look up the†¦show more content†¦Corporate crime is not taken seriously and the regulatory agencies appear powerless as the penalties available to them are ineffective in sufficiently punishing criminal acts and preventing future crim es. As investigations and methods of law enforcement are incredibly time consuming and costly, the current most effective punishments of committing a corporate crime are the use of; recalls, unilateral orders, consent agreements, decrees, injunctions and monetary penalties are most used. The use of deferred and non-prosecution agreements are currently by far the most popular option for corporations. In the Encyclopaedia of White-Collar Crime, co-authors Jurg Gerber and Eric. L Jensen define corporate crime as â€Å"violations of federal or state laws that are committed by employees on behalf of the company rather than simply for their own gain.† The definition and classification of what falls under a corporate crime is highly problematic in that corporations can afford defence lawyers that can find loopholes in the legislation in order to avoid charges. Even more perplexing, is that â€Å"corporations define the laws under which they live† according to Russell Mokhib er report’s Top 100 Corporate Criminals of the Decade (1996) published in the Corporate Crime Reporter. Mokhiber introduces the example that â€Å"the automobile industry... has worked its will on Congress to block legislation that would impose criminal sanctions on knowing and wilfulShow MoreRelatedAmerica Vs. Corporations : Corporate Crime1359 Words   |  6 PagesCommitting a corporate crime seems tempting at times, and the culprits usually feel as if their crime is justified. They justify their choice to steal from the company by assuming that the only person who would be affected is the CEO, or somebody that would not notice a dent in their hefty salary. However, it is naive to think of these types of crimes in a way that doesn’t adequately explain the ripple affect each crime has on society. The main goal of this proposal is to explain how corporate crimes affectRead MoreEssay on An Explanation of Corporate Crime856 Words   |  4 PagesAn Explanation of Corporate Crime This analytical source review will analyse and detail the views and opinions of four different sources including: The sociology of corporate crime: an obituary, Corporate Crime, Corporate Crime at the tip of the iceberg and White Collar and Corporate Crime. The topic this review will be primarily concerned with is corporate crime, the topic will be examined and the notion of ignorance towards the subject will be addressed. HoweverRead MoreWhite collar and corporate crime548 Words   |  3 Pagescollar and corporate crime tend to go undetected, Or if detected not prosecuted White collar and corporate crimes are crimes that many people do not associate with criminal activity. Yet the cost to the country due to corporate and white collar crime far exceeds that of â€Å"street† crime and benefit fraud. White collar and corporate crimes refer to crimes that take place within a business or institution and include everything from Tax fraud to health and safety breaches. Corporate crime is extremelyRead MoreThe Nature And Organization Of Corporate Environmental Crime961 Words   |  4 Pagesessay examines the nature and organisation of corporate environmental crime. Part II explores the offenders of corporate environmental crime. Part III determines the risk factors for corporate offending. Finally, Part IV analyses environmental regulations. I. NATURE AND ORGANISATION Corporate environmental crime constitutes an important part of white-collar crime. The notion ‘white collar crime’ was introduced by Edwin Sutherland and refers to a crime ‘committed by a person of respectability andRead MoreWhite Collar Crime And Corporate Crime1158 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-Collar Crime consists of occupational crime and corporate crime. Occupational crime refers to offences committed against legitimate institutions businesses or government by those with respectable social status. It includes the embezzlement of corporate funds, tax evasion, computer crime and expense-account fraud. It is not every day that we hear about white-collar crimes but these non-violent crimes are on the rise to the top. Federal Bureau of Investigation states that USA, for example recordedRead MoreEssay on Control Theory Corporate Crime3821 Words   |  16 Pagesof capitalism itself that produces crime however, in order to understand the causes of corporate crime, th e neoliberal framework and its utilization must be examined. Neoliberalism accords the state not to intervene or regulate the market, and in effect produces inequality but most importantly crime. Criminal acts are committed by the elites that are following the core of the neoliberal doctrine which is maximizing profits while minimizing costs. Corporate crimes are committed by executives or executiveRead MoreEssay on White Collar Crime and Corporate Crime1509 Words   |  7 PagesWhite Collar crime is not a crime unto it self, but instead a criteria that has to be met in order for a crime to be considered as White- Collar Crime; (Blount, 2002) hence the reason why Corporate Crime is also considered as White- Collar Crime. At the same time, White Collar Crime and Corporate Crime can be seen as distinct criminological categories, however, in order to reveal this, this essay will firstly be exploring Sutherlands definition of white collar crime and the perplexity with thisRead MoreHo w Does the Criminal Justice System Respond to White Collar and Corporate Crime?2543 Words   |  11 PagesWHITE COLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME? White-collar crime poses a vexing problem for the criminal justice system (CJS). It is an enormously complex global issue that is growing rapidly and is a cross-border problem. White-collar crime is viewed differently in contrast to conventional crime as generally the public associate crime with street crimes such as robbery, burglary or homicide. Affluent and privileged persons who enjoy an elevated social status and who engage in crimes are rarely consideredRead MoreCorporate Crime Assignment Essay2788 Words   |  12 PagesCorporate Crime Assignment â€Å"In order to effectively punish and deter corporate crime, the law should impose criminal sanctions on individuals rather than on corporations.† Introduction Corporate Crime refers to crimes committed by corporations, or individuals acting on behalf of companies (Tomasic, 1993). As corporate crime also involves top managers and employees of the company, it sometimes overlaps with white-collar crime (Grabosky amp; Braithwaite, 1987). There is no doubt that corporateRead MoreAssignment 1 - Corporate Crime3379 Words   |  14 PagesASSIGNMENT 1 – CORPORATE CRIME â€Å"Greed can be defined as the desire to acquire wealth or possessions beyond the needs of the individual, especially when this accumulation of possession denies others legitimate needs or access to those or other resources It is an extreme or excessive desire for resources and symbols of wealth.† (Taflinger, 1996) The key word to consider is â€Å"excessive† which can be denoted as â€Å"going beyond the usual, necessary, or proper limit or degree.† The real problem to consider

Physics Pre

Physics: Pre-AP Projectile Motion Lab Report Essay Blah I Just want to be able to read this essay so Im sorry if this sidesplitting to you hold on Physics Pre-AP Projectile Motion Lab Report Purpose The purpose of this lab was to determine how angle and gravity affects velocity and range. Procedure Materials Projectile launcher Marble Two measuring sticks Tin foil Pencil Set the angle of the projectile launcher to 30 degrees (make sure that the bottom of the launcher is even with the desk). Put the marble inside the projectile launcher, ND using the pencil, push the marble inside until you hear one click. Retract the lever on the launcher so that the marble launches into the air. Remember where the marble lands, and place a piece of tin foil around the spot where it landed. Place the measuring sticks in a line so that the placement of the marble can be easily recorded. Put the marble back into the launcher and push it into the launcher with the pencil until you can hear one click. Launch the marble and, using the tin foil, find the indentation where the marble landed. Record how far away the marble landed from the launcher. Repeat steps 1-8 for 45 degrees and 60 degrees. Data Trial 300 1 1. Mm 2 1. Mm 3 1. Mm 450 600 1. Urn 1. Mm Calculations Original Formula: Calculations for 300 1. Urn 1. Urn 1. Urn Rearranged Formula: vow=w Ova = v 3. Mm,s bob = 3. Mm,s Calculations for 600 Voce = v Conclusion After being launched, the marble moved in a parabolic motion. During this motion, the Vs. of the marble remained constant, while the W of the marble decreased until he very top of the parabola, where it was O. Arching down the parabola, the Ivy increased. Basing off my knowledge of physics, the relationship between a projectile and its angle depends on how large the angle is: the larger the angle, the shorter the distance between the launcher and the landing point. The smaller, the larger. Based on this lab, the results were inconsistent: the marble landed farthest away from the launcher when angled at 45 degrees, and landed the same distance away from the announcer at 30 and 60 degrees. Two angles are complimentary if they, when added together, equal 90 degrees. The Vow for each angle was slightly different because of gravity: as the angle of the launcher was raised to 45 and 60 degrees, both the marble and the launcher were being affected by gravity at different angles from before, thus causing slight differences in the results of the lab. Possible sources of error might include air friction and inconsistent launches due to imperfections in the launcher.

Melatonin Essays - Circadian Rhythm, Melatonin, Sleep Disorder

Melatonin It seems as though every time we turn around there is a new health fad, be it a drug, herb or diet. Within the past 10 years the drug melatonin has hit the market and seems to have made quite a splash with the public and the media. At a time when an estimated thirty to forty million Americans suffer from serious sleep disorders that interfere with their sleep quality and health, many are desperate for an easy solution (Sleep Foundation 1). The media claims that this ?wonder drug? melatonin is the answer to these sleep disorders and also can prevent several illnesses. But is melatonin really safe enough for the public to experiment with? How much is known about what it does and its side effects? These are many of the questions that scientists are currently trying to answer. Listening to claims from the media and consumers it is tough to get the real story about the research scientists are conducting on melatonin. Melatonin is an effective drug in aiding in sleep disorders. Melatonin was discovered in 1963 by dermatologist Aaron Lerner at Yale University. Lerner found skin lightning properties from the aggregation of organelles containing pigment (melanin) in the skin cells of amphibians. These collections of organelles are called melanosomes.2 His findings were published in the Journal of American Chemistry Society in a paper on melatonin entitled ?Isolation of Melatonin, the Pineal Gland Factor that Lightens Melanocytes.?3 Melatonin is only one of the many hormones produced by our bodies. This specific hormone is produced in the pineal gland, a small pea sized gland located at the base of the brain. To a lesser extent, melatonin is also produced in the retina.4 The pineal gland begins its production and secretion of melatonin at dusk and ceases at dawn. The pineal gland is not solely responsible for the release of melatonin, it receives instructions from the hypothalamus telling it when to begin and cease. Part of the hypothalamus, called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), tracks the length of day. It is also responsible for the regulation of many chemicals that govern the complicated process of sleep, including melatonin. The SCN controls the sleep-wake cycle and release of melatonin to fit seasonal changes in the amount of daylight.5 Recently, melatonin has hit the market in the form of a pill and is sold in health stores throughout the country. It is sold as a sleeping aid in pill form that claims it cures and prevents sleep disorders and jet lag in some cases. It has also been called an anti-aging drug that may prevent hypertension, high cholesterol, migraine, and even cancer and AIDS. None of these claims have been proven, but this does not stop consumers from buying and using this drug.6 Melatonin use is not regulated by the government because it is found in some foods.7 Since Aaron Lerner's discovery of melatonin there has been much research on what this hormone is responsible for. Since it was thought that melatonin was involved somewhere in sleep, researchers began a study administering a synthetic form of the hormone to subjects, taking note of the effect in had on different stages of sleep. In the early 80's, Dr. Richard Wurtman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Clinical Research Center began giving volunteers what now would be considered a megadose of melatonin (240 mg). He found that melatonin aided in sleep and later found that as little as a tenth of a milligram can hasten the onset of sleep regardless of the time of day.8 Wurtman is the named inventor on an MIT patent pending on a melatonin-based sleeping pill (the chemical itself can not be patented). He states there is ?no controversy? that melatonin, even in fractions of a milligram, can induce sleep and shift the sleep cycle.9 Attenburrow and associates conducted a double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over experiment to determine the effect of melatonin on sleep. Fifteen subjects were given .3 mg, 1 mg of melatonin or a placebo. The subjects sleep was continually measured, including both non-REM and REM sleep, over a period of time. Subjects were then given the opposite substance they were administered in the first segment of the study. Research found that

History of the Oven From Cast Iron to Electric

History of the Oven From Cast Iron to Electric Ancient people first began cooking on open fires. The cooking fires were placed on the ground and later simple masonry construction was used to hold the wood and/or food. Simple ovens were used by the ancient Greeks for making bread and other baked goods. By the middle ages, taller brick mortar hearths, often with chimneys were being built. The food to be cooked was often placed in metal cauldrons that were hung above the fire. The first written historical record of an oven being built refers to an oven built in 1490 in Alsace, France. This oven was made entirely of brick and tile, including the flue. Improvements to Wood Burning Ovens Inventors began making improvements to wood burning stoves primarily to contain the bothersome smoke that was being produced. Fire chambers were invented that contained the wood fire, and holes were built into the top of these chambers so that cooking pots with flat bottoms could be placed directly upon replacing the cauldron. One masonry design of note was the 1735 Castrol stove (aka stew stove). This was invented by French architect Franà §ois Cuvillià ©s. It was able to completely contain the fire and had several openings covered by iron plates with holes. Iron Stoves Around 1728, cast iron ovens really began to be made in high quantities. These first ovens of German design were called Five-plate or Jamb stoves. Around 1800, Count Rumford (aka Benjamin Thompson) invented a working iron kitchen stove called the Rumford stove that was designed for very large working kitchens. The Rumford had one fire source that could heat several cooking pots.  The heating level for each pot could also be regulated individually. However, the Rumford stove was too large for the average kitchen and inventors had to continue to improve their designs. One successful and compact cast iron design was Stewarts Oberlin iron stove, patented in 1834. Cast iron stoves continued to evolve, with iron gratings added to the cooking holes, and added chimneys and connecting flue pipes. Coal and Kerosene Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist designed the first sootless kerosene oven. Jordan Mott invented the first practical coal oven in 1833. Motts oven was called the baseburner. The oven had ventilation to burn the coal efficiently. The coal oven was cylindrical and was made of heavy cast iron with a hole in the top, which was then enclosed by an iron ring. Gas British inventor  James Sharp patented a gas oven in 1826, the first semi-successful gas oven to appear on the market. Gas ovens were found in most households by the 1920s with top burners and interior ovens. The evolution of gas stoves was delayed until gas lines that could furnish gas to households became common. During the 1910s, gas stoves appeared with enamel coatings that made the stoves easier to clean. One important gas design of note was the AGA cooker invented in 1922 by Swedish Nobel prize winner Gustaf Dalà ©n. Electricity It was not until the late 1920s and early 1930s that electric ovens began to compete with gas ovens.  Electric ovens were available as early as the 1890s. However, at that time, the technology and distribution of the electricity needed to power these early electric appliances still needed improvements. Some historians credit  Canadian Thomas Ahearn with inventing the first electric oven in 1882. Thomas Ahearn and his business partner Warren Y. Soper owned the Chaudiere Electric Light and Power Company of Ottawa. However, the Ahearn oven was only put into service in 1892, in the Windsor Hotel in Ottawa. The Carpenter Electric Heating Manufacturing Company invented an electric oven in 1891. An electric stove was exhibited at the Chicago Worlds Fair in 1893. On June 30, 1896, William Hadaway was issued the first patent for an electric oven. In 1910, William Hadaway went on to design the first toaster made by Westinghouse, a horizontal combination toaster-cooker. One major improvement in electric ovens was the invention of resistor heating coils, a familiar design in ovens also seen in hotplates. Microwaves The microwave oven was a by-product of another technology. It was during a radar-related research project around 1946 that Dr. Percy Spencer, an engineer with the Raytheon Corporation, noticed something very unusual when he was standing in front of an active combat radar. The candy bar in his pocket melted. He began to investigate and soon enough, the microwave oven was invented.

How to Get Good Grades in Business School

How to Get Good Grades in Business School Every business school works differently when it comes to grades. Some grading systems are based on instructional approaches. For example, lecture-based courses sometimes base grades on class assignments or test scores. Programs that use the case method, like Harvard School of Business, often base a percentage of your grade on classroom participation. In some cases, schools wont even award traditional grades. Yale School of Management, for example, has grading categories like Distinction, Proficient, Pass, and Fail. Other schools, like Wharton, request that professors keep average class GPAs below a certain number, ensuring that only a certain number of students will receive a perfect 4.0. How Important Are Grades in Business School? Before you begin worrying about grades too much, its important to note that GPA isnt really that important if youre an MBA student. Obviously, you want to be able to pass your class and do well, but when it comes down to it, MBA grades just aren’t as important as high school or undergraduate grades. Employers are willing to overlook soft grades for MBA grads who fit the company culture or excel in a particular area, such as leadership. If youre a student in an undergraduate business program, on the other hand, your GPA is important. A low undergraduate GPA can keep you out of a top-ranked graduate school. It can also affect your employment prospects, as employers are much more likely to ask about your class rank and success rate in a particular class. Tips for Getting Good Grades in Business School Determination is an important quality for all MBA students. Without it, you are going to have a hard time wading through the notoriously rigorous curriculum and keeping up with your cohorts. If you can keep your determination level high, your persistence will pay off with good grades or at least an A for effort - professors notice enthusiasm and effort and will find some way to reward it. A few other tips to help you get good grades in business school: Show up for class. You don’t need to attend every single class, but if you attend a small business program, your empty seat will be noticed. Since many business programs are teamwork-based, you will also be letting down your classmates when you do not pull your weight.Participate in class. Remember, participation can account for a large portion of your grade. If you don’t get involved in class discussion or at least look interested in class, you won’t fare well in a case-based curriculum or a course that emphasizes involvement.Learn to read fast. In two years of business school, you could read as many as 50 textbooks and 500 cases. Learning how to take in a lot of dry text in a short amount of time will save you time and allow you to focus on other work.Join or form a study group. Study group members can learn from one another. Making yourself accountable to a group can also keep you motivated and on track.Read case studies. A good case study/analysis combo is th e perfect way to learn how to answer questions in a business school class. If you know what topic you will be studying next week in class, prepare with a few case studies in private this week. Master time management. There is never enough time to get all of your work done in business school. The more you can learn and practice time management, the easier it will be for you to at least get to 90 percent of your work.Network with everyone. Grades are important, but networking is what will help you survive business school and thrive after graduation. Don’t sacrifice your time with other people for hours in the books.

Abraham and Jacob Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abraham and Jacob - Essay Example arity between these two patriarchs rests in the strength of their faith and their obedience to the Lord, which set them apart from the other Hebrews and qualifies them as patriarchs. Abraham is the earliest Hebrew patriarch and plays an important role because God made a covenant with him, to make him the father of a great nation: â€Å"I will establish my covenant between me and you, and your offspring after you throughout their generations.† (Genesis 17:7). God entered into a similar covenant with Jacob at Bethel to bless his offspring with good things: â€Å"†¦..all the families of the earth shall be blessed in you and your offspring†¦.know that I am with you and will keep you wherever you go†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Genesis 28:15). The singular similarity between these two patriarchs is the strength of their faith, which is why they are called and chosen by God to be the patriarchs of the Jewish people. Abraham’s exemplary faith is demonstrated throughout his story, in his prompt obedience to the Lord. When God calls to him and says, â€Å"Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and†¦.offer him there as a burnt offering† (Genesis 22:2), Abraham does not hesitate to obey, even if it means sacrificing his only son. Jacob is also able to survive in an alien country on the strength of his faith in God. He enters Egypt penniless but when he leaves Egypt, he is a rich man. Despite Laban’s efforts to cheat him on several occasions, the strength of his faith ensures a steady flow of the Lord’s blessings, so that he is able to flourish and thrive and his twelve sons become the forbears of the twelve tribes of Israel. Abraham the patriarch was the flag bearer of God’s covenant with the Hebrew people. Abraham’s role as patriarch is unique in that he was the first one that God selected, promising him that He would make him the father of a great nation. It was after God established his covenant with Abraham that the requirement for circumcision was set out, which forever

Juvenile and adult justice system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Juvenile and adult justice system - Essay Example In the criminal courts however, it is called plea bargaining but in the juvenile courts, it is referred as modifying the petition. The adult and juvenile both have a right to hearings, appeals and a right to counsel in court proceedings. Adults are tried for crimes in the adult court while juveniles are tried in the juvenile court. Unlike adults whose court proceedings are public, juvenile proceedings are not viewed as criminals and their records are confidential and are not normally accessible. In the case of adult trials, the â€Å"best interest† lies in reducing or foregoing the sentence, unlike in the juvenile trials where rehabilitation is the main focus. In terms of sentencing, although judges in both courts have leeway in determining the proper sentence, the judges in the juvenile court have far more room to decide on the sentence. They have a broad range of options from immediate parole to placing delinquents in juvenile facilities or county jails (Yakov, 2011). Yes, I think that juveniles should continue to receive preferential treatments from the courts because the courts should focus on their rehabilitation and not in the punishment of the crimes that they commit.

Social Experiemt Essay Example for Free

Social Experiemt Essay For my sociology experiment, I chose to act like a stranger in my own house. The way I did this was by doing small things such as asking other people, mainly my brothers, to do things such as get me drinks and bring me in my dinner. I noticed while carrying out my experiment that even though my brothers may not have necessarily been happy to be bossed around by me, they still did everything that I asked them to do without question. I think this is because they saw my identity seemed as if it had changed, and they therefore felt that because I was acting like a guest in my own house, that I should be treated in that way. I am going to carry out my experiment by acting like I am a stranger in my own house, by asking other people to do things for me, and also not doing things such as laying down on the couch. I am going to do it during a weekend because it is the time when I am at home for the longest periods of time after I have finished working and it is also when everyone else is most likely to be in. I dont think that there are any ethical implications from me carrying out this experiment, as I dont think that it can cause anyone any long term ill-health or create any side-effects that are long-term. It could possibly cause someone stress whilst I am carrying out my experiment as it could make them be rushed and feel under pressure to do what I tell them to do and could also be very annoying if I was always waiting for them to tell me what to do, such as taking my shoes off when I go in the house. I think that because I was acting in a strange way, they gave me a new social identity, which was not that of a brother or a son, but of a stranger living in the same house as them. Even though I kept my own personal identity, I managed to change my social identity for a small amount of time. Although at first they didnt seem to understand what I was doing by asking them to get me things, they soon realised that if they didnt do it for me that I wouldnt get it at all, so they felt as if they were almost being forced to get things for me. I felt that norms like me being more responsible and having to look after my brothers were no longer in place and that although they knew that I was in charge, they were the ones that ultimately had to take control and act as if they were hosts. I think that towards the end of my experiment that my brothers were getting a bit frustrated with having to do things that I told them to do, and also with them having to tell me where to sit etc. However, my own feelings were not affected, and if anything, I felt as if it was a nice change for me to be able to ask my younger brothers to get me things, instead of the usual situation it is whereby they are always asking me for things.

The Rise of Materialism Exposed in Winter of Our Discontent :: Winter Our Discontent

The Rise of Materialism Exposed in Winter of Our Discontent John Steinbeck showed alarm and disapproval to the rise of materialism and the post-World War 2, capitalistic morals found in America during the 1960's. These views were expressed through various characters in his novel The Winter of Our Discontent . This book dealt with the downward spiral of a good man, Ethan Allen Hawley. Pressured on all sides by influences once considered immoral, but now accepted in the 1960's, Ethan, a grocery store clerk from a family of sea captains and wealthy businessmen, "...traded a habit of conduct and attitude for comfort and dignity and a cushion of security" (257). Ethan's son Allen embodies the ideals of the up and coming generation in the 1960's. Growing up in the age of the supermarkets, game show scandals, and fixed traffic tickets, Allen's view of "Something for nothing. Wealth without effort" (91) represented the exact opposite that of his father. Ethan, a man perhaps too concerned with the past, was a character Steinbeck used to speak his voice. Ethan was a man accustomed to honesty, good business, and respect. Allen lived in a world much different than that of Ethan. Allen was raised thinking that being dishonest, immoral, and underhanded was accepted. "Everybody does it. It's the way the cooky crumbles." (353), Allen said when confronted by his father about plagiarizing famous speeches for the "I Love America Contest". The only real opposition came when a person got caught. It almost seemed as if society allowed these illegal actions as long as the person(s) evaded punishment. The only reason Allen seemed upset was because he got caught, not because what he had done was wrong. Steinbeck seemed to show that he felt family history to be very important. Ethan showed great persistence in asking Mr. Baker about the sinking of the Belle-Adair , which Ethan's predecessors felt to have been purposefully burned by the Baker family for the insurance money. Ethan's primary motivation to make a few immoral decisions came from internal pressure he felt to live up to the name of Hawley. He seemed very self-conscience and maybe even ashamed of the fact that he was a lowly grocery clerk, in a foreign owned store, which his family had once owned. Ethan began to hate Mr. Baker when he discovered that the Baker family had used the Hawley's trust in them to gain more land in New Baytown by giving bad investment tips.

Correctional Officer

University of Phoenix Material Assignment: Reliable Sources Worksheet Due Week 6 Day 7 (Sunday) Post to [Assignment section of eCampus Page] as an attachment Locate three sources in the University Library on a topic of your choice. Refer to the University Library tutorial for information about finding sources. Provide the required information for each sources. Complete the Reliable Sources Worksheet †¢ Answer each question in complete and clear sentences using an academic tone (use formal language, eliminate contractions, and capitalize the word â€Å"I†).Be sure to provide detailed responses (100 words). †¢ Post the assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment to the Assignment section of your eCampus page by Week 6 Day 7 (Sunday). †¢ Post the Certificate of Originality (located in the Course Materials forum) to the Assignment section of your eCampus page when you post your assignment. Important: Be sure to review the grading rubric, provided in the Course Mat erials forum, which shows the point distribution for each element of the assignment. Source 1 Author:Date: Title: Publication: Peer Reviewed? What words did you use to find this article? What type of article is this (research, summary, reflection, essay, etc. )? Did this article include an abstract? Summarize the article (100 words) Source 2 Author: Date: Title: Publication: Peer Reviewed? What words did you use to find this article? What type of article is this (research, summary, reflection, essay, etc. )? Did this article include an abstract? Summarize the article (100 words) Source 3 Author: Date: Title:Publication: Peer Reviewed? What words did you use to find this article? What type of article is this (research, summary, reflection, essay, etc. )? Did this article include an abstract? Summarize the article (100 words) Respond to each of the following questions: What is an abstract? How is an abstract helpful in refining your search? (100 to 150 words) An abstract is a thought or an idea but not having a physical existing. How do these articles contribute to its relevancy of the topic/search? (100 to 150 words)What makes these scholarly articles? How current is their information? How quickly does information in this topic change? How can you tell if a source is reliable or credible? (100 to 150 words) How do these articles reflect bias on the authors’ part? If so, what is the bias? If not, explain why you think they do not reflect bias. (100 to 150 words) What support options does the library offer that will help you in writing papers, doing research, and achieving your academic goals? (100 to 150 words)

Flame Test Lab

Flame Test Lab Question: When a compound is placed in the flame of a burner, what happens to the color of the flame? Hypothesis: When the compound is placed in the flame, the flame changes color depending on the chemical compound. When they’re heated, they gain energy and changed color sometimes. Safety Requirements for this Lab: Wear goggles at all times. If you want to remove them to write in your notebook you may sit at a table in the center of the room. When you sit down remove them and when you stand up put them on. Use aprons. Pull back hair. No loose clothing.Close-toed shoes. NO FOOLING AROUND. It is very important that you DO NOT mix up the nichrome wire hands. Background Information: When chemical compounds are heated, hey gain energy. The electrons in some of these chemicals will jump from their ground state electron configuration (such as the electron configurations we have ben drawing for the elements) to higher energy levels. As these electrons fall back to their original positions in the atom, they emit energy. One form of this energy is light energy. This is what you will be observing in this experiment. Materials: Nichrome wire wand  · Test tubes containing water  · Test tubes containing 6M hydrochloric acid as needed to clean wire  · Test tubes containing: Copper sulfate Potassium sulfate Copper nitrate Potassium nitrate Strontium nitrate Calcium nitrate Copper chloride Strontium chloride Calcium chloride Cobalt chloride Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate Barium clroride Calcium nitrate  · Tirrel burner  · Matches  · Goggles  · Apron Procedure: Work in teams of two At each table there are two samples and two tirrel burners and matches.Start the burner as you have learned to do and obtain a low blue flame with the inner blue flame. Next take the nichrome wire and place in the flame. Noticed its color when it becomes red hot. This is not the color of the flame you are looking for. The flame to observe is the one o btained just as you place it in the flame. Place the wand in the test tube with the solution of the compound, quickly place it in the flame and observe its color. Write down the color and any observations on the table provided below. Do this no more than three times.Then rinse the wire in the water Heat the wire in the flame until it has no residue from the compound left. If you have problems ask your teacher. Return the nichrome wire to the water test tube. When this is completed, exchange chemical compound setups with you tablemates. Repeat the procedure for each chemical compound. When your table is done with both chemical compounds, pass them both clockwise to the next table. When all chemical setups are complete, the class will discuss which chemical compounds that you would like to observe again.Analysis: Each element is made up of different atoms. The heat helps the atoms move around and emit different colors of flame. Only certain elements can be identified by the naked eye. With others, you can identify an element by their colors, or if a metal, by their hardness and durability. I do not believe it would be effective because some elements might be similar in most ways and have you confused. I think if the wire in this lab became contaminated, the results of the flame would be different.The colors of the flame would not be correct due to the contamination and chemical compound on the wire. All of the flames don’t have the same color because each chemical on the wire is different. It has to have a boost to a higher energy level. Once they’ve fallen baxck to their first positions, they emit energy. The color of the flame is caused by the exciting metal ions. They are shown once burned just like we did in class. Copper: 1s22s2 2p63s23p64s23d9 , Sodium: 1s22s2 2p63s1 , Potassium: 1s22s2 2p63s23p64s1 , Strontium: 1s22s2 2p63s23p64s23d104p65s2 Flame Test Lab I. Purpose: To observe the colors produced when compounds are introduced into a flame and the electrons become excited. To estimate the wavelength of light produced, then calculate the frequency and energy of the light II. Safety: Standard safety procedures III. Chemical Inventory: Chemical Name: |Hazards: | |Lithium Chloride |Moderately | | |Toxic by ingestion | |Potassium Chloride |Slightly toxic by ingestion | |Calcium Chloride |Slightly toxic | |Barium Chloride |HIGHLY toxic by ingestion.Use extreme caution | |Cupric Chloride |HIGHLY toxic by ingestion. Use extreme caution | IV. Pre-Lab Questions: V. Procedure: 1. Dip the soaked wooden splint in one chemical at a time. Make a few crystal stick to the splint 2. Hold the end of the splint with the crystals in the burner flame and watch the first color you see. When it changes to orange, the splint is burning and we don’t care about that color 3. Use your chart from your prelab to estimate the wavelength of the color being produced 4. Obtain an unknown from your teacher, record the letter of the unknown, and do a flame test on the unknown. It will be one of the chemicals you have already tested. VI. Data and Observations: Chemical |Color produced |Estimated Wavelength (nm) | |Lithium Chloride | | | |Sodium Chloride | | | |Potassium Chloride | | | |Calcium Chloride | | | |Strontium Chloride | | | |Barium Chloride | | | |Cupric Chloride | | | |Unknown___ | | | VII. Calculations: For each chemical, do the following calculations. 1. Using the estimated wavelength, calculate the frequency of the light produced. 2. Using the frequency of the light, calculate the energy of each photon of light produced. VI. Conclusion: VIII. Error Analysis:

maximilian I essays

maximilian I essays 1459-1519, heiliger rmischer Kaiser und deutscher Knig (1493-1519), Sohn und Nachfolger des heiligen rmischen Kaisers Frederick III. Als Kaiser strebte er, starke imperiale Fhrung wiederhzuerstellen und dringend bentigte administrative Verbesserungen im in zunehmendem Maße dezentralisierten Reich zu erffnen. in der inlndischen und fremden Politik jedoch opferte er die Interessen von Deutschland als Ganzes des aggrandizement des Besitzes Hapsburg. Expansion ber Krieg und Verbindung Verbindung Maximilian (1477) zu Mary von Burgunder bezog ihn zum Schutze von ihrer Erbschaft einschließlich Burgunders, der Provinzen Netherland und Luxemburgs gegen die Designs des Knigs Louis XI von Frankreich mit ein. Durch Tod Marys (1482), hatte Maximilian Franche-Comt, die Grafschaft von Artois und die niedrigen Lnder gesichert, aber ihn erbrachte ein betrchtliches Teil von franzsischsprechendem Burgunder im Vertrag von Arras von 1483 (sehen Sie Arras, Vertrag von). In 1486 wurde er Knig des Romans (, Kaiser-whlen Sie d.h.), gewhlt und einen zunehmenden Anteil der imperialen Aufgaben bis Tod seines Vaters annahm. Nachfolger Louis XI's, Charles VIII, abgelehnt dem Vertrag; außerdem anstatt, Tochter Margaret Maximilian von Ãâ€"sterreich zu heiraten, erzwang er Anne von Bretagne in das Heiraten er (1491), abgesehen von ihrer Verbindung durch Proxy zu widowed Maximilian das vorhergehende Jahr. Erneuerte Kriegsfhrung mit Frankreich wurde vorbergehend durch den Vertrag von Senlis (1493) vereinbart, der im Allgemeinen den Status Quo beibehielt; aber die Frage Burgundian blieb eine Schlsselausgabe in den Relationen Hapsburg mit der franzsischen Krone. Maximilian wurde verwickelt in den italienischen Kriegen , um den Rest der Erbschaft Burgundian wiederzugewinnen und auch Dominions Hapsburg zu erweitern und jede mgliche Extension ...

Peter the Hermit and the First Crusade

Peter the Hermit and the First Crusade Peter the Hermit was known for preaching Crusade throughout France and Germany and instigating the movement of common folk that became known as the Crusade of the Poor People. He was also known as Cucu Peter, Little Peter or Peter of Amiens. Occupations CrusaderMonastic Places of Residence and Influence Europe and France Important Dates Born: c. 1050Disaster at Civetot: Oct. 21, 1096Died: July 8, 1115 About Peter the Hermit Peter the Hermit may have visited the Holy Land in 1093, but it wasnt until after Pope Urban II made his speech in 1095 that he began a tour of France and Germany, preaching the merits of the crusade as he went. Peters speeches appealed not only to trained knights, who usually followed their princes and kings on a crusade, but to laborers, tradesmen, and peasants. It was these untrained and disorganized folk who followed Peter the Hermit most eagerly to Constantinople in what became known as The Peoples Crusade or The Crusade of the Poor People. In spring of 1096, Peter the Hermit and his followers left Europe for Constantinople, then moved on to Nicomedia in August. But, as an inexperienced leader, Peter had trouble maintaining discipline among his unruly troops, and he returned to Constantinople to seek assistance from Byzantine Emperor Alexius. While he was gone the bulk of Peters forces was slaughtered by the Turks at Civetot. Disheartened, Peter almost returned home. Eventually, however, he made his way to Jerusalem, and just before the city was stormed he preached a sermon on the Mount of Olives. A few years after the capture of Jerusalem, Peter the Hermit returned to France, where he established an Augustinian monastery at Neufmoustier. Resources The Crusade of the Poor People Catholic Encyclopedia: Peter the Hermit  - Concise biography by Louis Brehier. Peter the Hermit and the Popular Crusade: Collected Accounts  - Collection of documents taken from August. C. Kreys 1921 publication, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants. The First Crusade

Parents Sexuality Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parents Sexuality Influence - Essay Example The discussion of the sexuality of children with their parents is least common. However, many people think that sexuality education must be taught from the parents. Neither the parents nor the children are not prepared to talk with each other on issues which are common at teenage like drinking, sex, drug usage etc. Many of the parents do care about such issues, want their children to have safe and healthy sex, but they don't get the appropriate time to discuss, thinks talking on sex is a vulgar subject, and do not feel comfortable in discussion it. This may be because of big generation gap between them. However, the daughter consults more than the sons do. Most of the teenagers prefer to consult sexuality education centers for their problems. These centers are quite useful as they keep young people aware of the consequences and risks of premature sex. Having sex at young age can be both harmful physically and psychologically. The society in which people are living also influences in parent-children relationship. Some society, which are conservative and are more under religious influence find it a bit easier to discuss than in socially affected place. However, it is the duty of the parents, at a certain age i.e. 14-18 years of their children, the parents must take their children into confidence and discuss on their sexual development. This is the age where sexuality becomes more common among teenagers. The people need to make it clear that sexuality is the part of maturity of humans. The parents need to talk with their children and discuss sexuality issues. The fathers can talk with the sons, similarly the mothers with their daughters, discuss about the consequences of sexuality and advice them on periodic basis i.e. after six months or yearly basis of the consequences of sexuality. In this way, if children face any serious problems, the parents can consult medical consultants or may require regular treatments. The parents need to show more frankness, openness, and attentiveness in their attitude when discussing sexuality with the children. The parents need to keep their tone cool and humble, and answer them seriously. The privac y of the child must be kept intact. The father can tell the sons about the usage of condoms and mothers can help daughters when they are in their sexual periods. However, children think their parents can help them in making their sexual decisions. Awareness Among Younger generation: The parents and sexuality centers need to provide awareness among the younger generation about the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS etc. If not dealt properly with such diseases, improper pregnancy, inappropriate sex etc can be very deadly. In many European countries like Netherlands and Germany they have started sexuality awareness programs through electronic media, where parents come and give useful information to young masses. These sexuality communities can also help the parents in making them better sex educators. However in France, the children are send to such centers, and the parents cannot withdraw them before the age of 13. Although sexual education can be taught from other sources, but the love and care parents can give, children cannot get it from anywhere. Bibliography: Press Release TeenPregnancy.org. Teens Say Parents Most Influence Their Sexual Decisions.

Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Change - Essay Example As such, hospitals have shifted their conventional approach where they were run on voluntarism basis to a more contemporary and competitive approach. This approach has seen many hospitals corporatize their services thereby adopting normal organizational management approaches and strategies like change management. It is important to note that in their pursuit of organizational strategizing many of them have closed down while others have survived the competition. Majority of those which have closed down have done so as a result of inefficient management, others have created barriers for all patients to access medical care. In the workplace there is need for change management to take place in respect to number of staff. The hospital is operating quite inefficiently as a result of having an unnecessary high number of staff. Redundancy creeps in where many workers are doing the same thing without creativity or level of innovation. Considering the number of both outpatients and inpatients the available manpower is way above the optimum which results in wastage of time. This also results in wastage of finances which could otherwise be used to improve on quality of medical care provided. In order to ensure that all employees work optimally and to reduce on cost of operations, a downsizing plan is necessary (Schulz & Johnson, 2003). When considering the Lewin’s Force Field Analysis driving forces and restraining forces have three major elements each. Downsizing strategy/ Lewin’s Force Field Analysis This is a measure that is quite sensitive in many organizations as labor unions and other restraining forces play crucial roles. It is also referred to as restructuring or reorganizing. It is complex to implement as it also requires restructuring of job designations, change in departments and their consolidations among others (Cohn & Hough, 2008). Although highly unpopular this strategy has worked for many corporate organizations like GM and IBM. Since hospital s have adopted corporate measures in management then change strategies cannot be blind to downsizing. One of the driving forces is cost saving which is the most obvious of all benefits. Due to the increased pressure for hospitals to be self reliant and increased control of care plans the hospital needs to cut down on its cost of operations (Mason, Leavitt & Chaffee, 2007). This subsequently creates an internal pool of resources which are in turn used to improve on services offered. The economic condition is not at its best with many sectors still recovering from the recent 2007-09 global economic meltdown. The other force is improved efficiency especially by targeting employees whose jobs do not contribute directly to revenues and which do not heavily affect the hospital’s core operations. The strategy will also help in weeding out poor performers and retain highly skilled employees. Efficiency is also derived when the few remaining employees focus their energy towards core d uties of the hospital. There is also shorter communication channels and improved responsiveness. This way bureaucracy is eliminated resulting to a more flat command structure. The third major force is labor mobility which benefits the hospital in an indirect way. In case many employees will be found to be non performers it will be relatively easy to hire new ones coming from inefficient or closed hospitals. On the other hand there are competing forces that

Causes of the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Causes of the Civil War - Essay Example As an overview, the American Civil War lasted from 1861 to 1865 where 11 states from the South of the country secede. With this secession, the 11 states established the Confederate States of America, which was primarily done in order to legislate the presence of slavery in these states. In line with this, the American Civil War must be understood beyond the context of death, but it must be taken into account that the civil war had bore many positive changes and perspective, not only to the American society and political system, but also in the worldwide perspective. To name a few, it had caused the Constitutional amendments, which allowed a stronger relationship between citizens with citizens and citizens with the government. Essentially, the most crucial result of the American Civil War was the abolition of slavery across the country. Nonetheless, it must be noted that prior to the emergence of the American Civil War, there have been cited causes of its coming into existence (The Am erican Red Cross 3; West 2).   The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney, who graduated from Yale University, and was able to go to South Carolina to tutor the children of wealthy farmers. As a graduate from Yale University, the people in South Carolina were aware of the intelligence of Whitney. One of the individuals who used this information critically was Catherine Greene, who owns a large cotton plantation in Savannah Georgia. Greene invited Whitney to her farm as a guest, and there she encouraged Whitney. to invent a machine that will allow workers to remove seen from the cotton. Whitney accepted the proposal, and after 10 days, he was able to come up with the cotton gin. With the invention of Whitney, the South was able to experience a growth in the production of its cotton. In particular, it was able to produce 8 million pounds of cotton in the span of two years after the invention of the cotton gin broke out. However, his contribution did not end here because after 12 yea rs of using the cotton gin, the American South was able to produce 80 million pounds of cotton. It was inevitable that the region was already economically up scaling due to the invention of the cotton gin (Hazen 4). The demand of cotton in the international market grew high; the American South producers considered this as an opportunity. However, the American South considered this success to be dependable on the slave labor. With this in hand, the agricultural and the societal system in the American South had greatly depended in the presence of slaves and the aspect of slavery. During the year 1860, it was recorded within the slave states that there were already 3.5 million slaves. In average, there was a minimum of five slaves and a maximum of 20 for every slave owner (Griess 7). The slaveholders of the South found that the slaves were true to their work and were more efficient. However, even with these positive working attitudes of the

Diagnosing Depression In Ethnic Minority Groups Social Work Essay

Diagnosing Depression In Ethnic Minority Groups Social Work Essay The essay title is curious and could be interpreted in a number of ways. Firstly, it invites me to decide whether the essay should be from the perspective of a client, or the therapist, or both. I have chosen to present the essay from the point of view that it is the client who is a member of an ethnic minority group. Perhaps what drew me to this title over the others is of personal significance, being from a multicultural family and having lived and worked in countries in the Far East and West Africa where culture and society is vastly different to that of the UK. Essentially, I have experienced being an ethnic minority member in the opposite context and hence was eager to explore the essay from a clients perspective in the UK. I chose to focus on depression rather than psychosis, as I was less aware of current research linking ethnicity to depression and felt this would balance out my motivations and be beneficial for my development as a trainee. As for the content, I will begin with a discussion on what is meant by an ethnic minority group and by the term depression. I will then present my view of how ethnicity affects the diagnostic process, initiated with a brief health warning about the implications of racial stereotyping. Following this I will focus on presentation of symptoms and the formulation process of depression. The second half of the essay will be about the treatment process, looking closely at the influence of ethnicity on help-seeking behaviour and psychological treatments. Finally I will end the essay with a reflective account containing my thoughts about finishing the essay and a conclusion. What is an ethnic minority group? When translated literally, the term ethnicity means people or nation (i.e. ethnos; Franklin, 1983). Senior Bhopal (1994) highlight that is now used as a variable to describe health data. On closer inspection, the concept of ethnicity is not simple or easy to understand. Firstly, ethnic minority status does not account for changes over time and context. There are also many different terms used for groups. McKenzie Crowcroft (1996) highlight a good example of this: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a Black Baptist born in the UK whose parents were born in Jamaica might be called Afro-Caribbean, black British, of Caribbean origin UK born, West Indian, and of course, Jamaican. Furthermore, ethnic categorization does not inform us of whether the individual is of first or second generation descent, not to mention the migrant status of the individual. Given our multicultural climate, the meaning of ethnicity is a source of continuing debate and is also likely to change with national trends and politics. For example, the Irish have only recently be recognized as an ethnic minority in the UK. Although the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) has advised that ethnicity should be self-identified, this does not always happen in the process of research. McKenzie Crowcroft (1996) point out that this leaves many researchers in the position of assigning membership of an ethnic minority group on an informal basis in order to have comparable data. Indeed, defining an ethnic minority group is problematic due to the lack of consensus. Despite these issues it was necessary for me to attach myself to a concrete definition for the purpose of this essay. Furthermore, I have selected a particular ethnic minority group (African-Caribbeans) when specific examples are needed. The definition I am following regarding an ethnic minority group is: Those with a cultural heritage distinct from the majority population (Manthorpe Hettiaratchy, 1993). What is Depression? Depression is a term used both clinically and in everyday discourse (Valente, 1994) to describe a host of unpleasant feelings which people experience, ranging from a low mood to describing a situational feeling (Keller Nesse, 2005). When depression is considered clinically significant is it quite different from the common experiences just narrated. A person may be diagnosed with clinical depression if they are experiencing depressed mood or loss of interest and pleasure plus at least five other adverse feelings during a two-week period or longer (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychological Association, 2000). When depression is at its worst, it can make people withdraw from ordinary pleasures and concentration may become very poor. Some people with depression report a sense of hopelessness and can experience suicidal feelings or ideations as a result (APA, 2000). Clinical depression can occur alongside different disorders and be multifaceted in its presentation (e.g. Akiskal et al., 2005). It is probably fair to say depression does not occur in every country across the world in the way we view it in the West. Other cultures may label it as something different. For example, Kleinman (1980, as cited in Bentall, 2003) found Western depression and a Chinese condition called Neurasthenia to be the same thing, although expressed in different ways. Given this, I question how useful our depression label is. This essay is however, directed by the title and the focus of this essay will therefore follow the DSM-IV-TR definition of depression. According to the Office for National Statistics clinical depression is experienced by 10% of the British Population at any one time. Depression is a diagnosis of increasing popularity, and was once referred to as the common cold of psychiatry (Seligman, 1975 as cited in Hawton et al., 2000). It is estimated that there are over 6 million people in England alone who are designated as from minority ethnic groups (Department of Health (DoH), 2003). Much of our current knowledge of depression in UK African-Caribbean people relies on limited research showing inconsistent results. I feel such statistics often lead to misdiagnosis, as clinicians are informed by research and policy. In order to avoid statistical discrimination I have therefore not included any data displaying suggested prevalence rates of depression in this population. Chakraborty McKenzie (2002) points out that early studies were criticized for methodological problems, but argues that more recent studies have attempted to advocate more rigorous methodology. More recent studies tend to suggest a high prevalence of depression in African-Caribbean populations (e.g. Nazroo, 1997 as cited in Chakraborty McKenzie, 2002). Interestingly, it is also thought that depression is underecognised and undertreated in African- Caribbeans, especially in primary care (Ahmed Bhugra, 2006). To what extent is membership of an ethnic minority group influential in the process of diagnosis of people experiencing depression? In the recent Inside Outside UK national initiative (Department of Health, 2003) a well-established link between health care disparities and ethnicity is claimed and structures are recommended which target this. I question the wider implications of producing such documents as it appears to suggest people should be viewed differently according to their ethnic status. As Lewis-Fernandez Diaz (2002) rightly point out, even people who share the same ethnic minority status can differ, as ethnic groups are culturally heterogeneous. As noted above, membership of an ethnic group is not a static thing and there are vast differences within an ethnic group as well as outside of it. I can relate to this as I often have difficulties when completing the ethnic status box on equal opportunities forms. Although I would class myself as white-British my father is Italian-American and my mother is Swiss, hence I have four passports. I normally choose to categorize myself as British however this someti mes changes to white-other or white-American depending on where I have been living. In my experience, I feel the desire to categorize people in society outweighs the usefulness of doing so. Given the increasingly multicultural climate of the UK it may not always be accurate to state that white people are of the dominant origin however statistically that is currently the case. This means that the relatively recent surge in interest and attention on differences of ethnic groups in mental health is often taken from an essentialist perspective (Giles Middleton, 1999), where differences are observed from my or our perspective. Claims made in research detailing differences between ethnic groups also encourage categorizing of individuals, which simply creates an othering between groups. Othering has been explained as a way to serve and mark those thought to be different from oneself (Weis, 1995 as cited in Grove Zwi, 2005). There is a concern for me that by focusing on the differences between African-Caribbeans and whites, or any other ethnic minority simply serves to reinforce the idea of racial differences and segregation. Institutional racism is a form of discrimination, which stems from the notion that groups should be treated differently according to phenotypic difference (McKenzie, 1999). It has been suggested that it is widespread in the UK (Modood et al., 1997). It seems to me that if we are to eliminate racial disparities in mental health care; concordant with the aims of the recent Department of Health initiative (2003), we all need to look at the way we are talking and presenting our ideas around this. For the reasons just discussed I will now attempt to present a view that is balanced and allows disparities of depression in African-Caribbean people to be seen in a relational context. Whilst I will describe potential areas of difference, the aim is not to stereotype people according to their ethnicity. Presentation The bodily styles of experiencing and expressing distress may be different for some people of African-Caribbean origin living in the UK than people from other ethnic backgrounds. Some studies suggest they experience and present more somatic symptoms of depression, e.g. headaches, achy limbs (Comino et al, 2001). Comino and colleagues also contend that idioms of distress differ linguistically and can take the form of cultural metaphors. If clinicians do not recognize these symptoms as signs of distress I imagine some clients may be left feeling quite frustrated. For us, as therapists, this does make the process of diagnosis more complex. An awareness of the possibility of somatic presentations, with a view to enquiring about the clients understanding of them seems helpful. A unique approach for the assessment and understanding of somatic symptoms of depression and idioms of distress has been developed (Lewis-Fernandez Diaz, 2002). There have also been attempts at identifying the core symptoms of depression across different ethnic groups, although the last one is most probably outdated now. In their large cross-cultural study, Jablensky et al., (1981 as cited in Bhugra Ayonrinde, 2004) found nine common international symptoms of depression; sadness, joylessness, anxiety, tension, lack of energy, loss of interest, poor concentration and ideas of insufficiency, inadequacy and worthlessness. Perhaps doing more studies like this could help in us developing a more universal approach to symptom recognition. Despite the evidence, I do believe that symptom presentation of depression can vary for a number of reasons completely unrelated to an individuals ethnic minority status. Children were once considered a difficult and under diagnosed population as they often present with somatic symptoms (e.g. failure to make expected weight gains in very young children; Carson Cantwell, 1980) which makes it difficult to diagnose. Subsequently, rating scales and measures have been devised which are appropriate for different age groups and enable a conventional diagnosis to be made (Goodyer, 2001). People living with HIV may also present somatic symptoms of depression. Kalichman et al., (2000) suggest available methods for distinguishing overlapping symptoms should be utilised when assessing such individuals. It seems obvious to me that we have to adapt standard methods of recognizing depressive symptoms when dealing with the diversity that naturally occurs in human beings. Language is also thought to be a potential barrier (e.g. Unutuzer, 2002) in the diagnostic process of depression. African-Caribbean people may not always speak clear English but speak multiple local languages or with an accent. Whilst I know this happens, I could not find any research investigating the percentages of African-Caribbean people in the UK and their language abilities. This so-called barrier could therefore be perceived rather than actual; however I will briefly discuss methods to work with this in the clinical context. As stated in the aforementioned Inside Outside document (2003) mental health services now aim to be culturally capable, which includes tackling difficulties with language. There is no doubt in my mind that communication is a key element in diagnosis, and I know from personal experience that not being able to communicate in a locally understood language can cause people to feel isolated. Thus, ensuring language access for people who speak a language other t han English through appropriate interpreting/translating services is crucial. However, I do feel that this parallels a need for people who have other difficulties with language. For example, I am sure it can be difficult to identify depression in individuals who have suffered severely dehabilitating strokes or physical injuries where speech is severely impaired. My point is that there are an array of factors which influence the way people talk about their difficulties and how they are understood by clinicians. Not being able to speak the English language in a clear English accent is simply one of those factors. I feel the issue raised here is more related to how we work with diversity rather than how we work with ethnicity. Formulation As a trainee clinical psychologist involved in the diagnostic process of depression I am also concerned with the formulation process and how this is affected. The beliefs people have about the nature and causes of depression do differ between cultures. For example, Bhugra et al., (1997) identified some African and Asian cultures view depression as part of lifes ups and downs, rather than a treatable condition. From this perspective, many psychological models which aid us in understanding depression can account for the differing beliefs and experiences of people. For example, the Cognitive model of depression (Beck, 1967, 1976) suggests that peoples early experiences lead people to form beliefs or schemata about themselves and the world. These assumptions are thought to cause negative automatic thoughts which perpetuate symptoms of depression on five different levels; behavioural, motivational, affective, cognitive and somatic. Despite this model being quite flexible at face value, ho wever, the negative cognitive triad (Beck, 1976) is directed by the beliefs and experiences of the individual. This may not fit in with those from more collectivist cultures. Indeed, we know that social networks often play an important part in the belief systems of ethnic minority members (Bhugra Ayonrinde, 2004). Therefore, thinking more systemically may be particularly useful when considering individuals from ethnic minority groups. However, we do need to be cautious in making assumptions about what beliefs people from ethnic minorities have. There is a danger that in doing so, we may be able to formulate quicker but may also cause considerable distress to the client. I recently attended a mental health awareness course as part of my placement where an African Caribbean service user came to talk to us about her experiences of being in the mental health system. She described her first traumatic admission to hospital after a close suicide attempt at the age of nineteen. She told us it was persistently assumed by mental health staff that she had attempted suicide because she did not understand or fit in with the predominantly white community in her area. She told us how upset and misunderstood this made her feel, as this was not the case at all. On reflection, this highlights the importance of service-user feedback in clinical practice. The question I see appearing with regards is how we as clinicians in the UK can best explore the beliefs, experiences and background of the multicultural population we are working with in order to diagnose appropriately. As Fernandez Diaz rightly point out, to do this we need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter (Lewis-Fernandez Diaz, 2002). There is a paucity of information debating ways to take this forward and models to encapsulate these ideas are currently being developed and tested in the USA. One such model is the Cultural Formulation model (Lewis-Fernandez Diaz, 2002), which is an expansion on the depression guidelines, published in the DSM-IV-TR. This innovative model consists of five components; assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-client relationship and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. I find this model very inclusive as it can still elicit very useful information about culturally-based norms, values and behaviours even when there is no ethnic difference between the clinician and the client. Whilst cultural differences exist within an ethnic group, they are not necessarily ethnicity-bound. For example, they can equally be associated with an individuals age, gender, socioeconomic status, educational background, family status and wider social network (Ahmed Bhugra, 2006). If this is the case, then I would say that it is important for clinicians to have a very exploratory and curious approach when assessing and diagnosing an individual in a mental health service, whether they are from an ethnic minority or not. To what extent is membership of an ethnic minority group influential in the process of treatment of people experiencing depression? Some people with depression get better without any treatment. However, living with depression can be challenging as it impacts many areas of an individuals life including relationships, employment, and their physical health. Therefore, many people with depression do try some form of treatment. This process usually begins at primary care level and then a collaborative decision is made between the patient and the clinician as to what treatment suits them best. It has been suggested that Africa-Caribbean people are less tolerant to antidepressant medication than whites (Cooper et al., 1993). Therefore this section of this essay will focus on the process of psychological treatments of depression. Treatments vary and have altered radically with the growing use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which is based on the scientist-practitioner model and routinely offers outcome data (Whitfield Whitefield, 2003). In CBT, and in the majority of other talking therapies, treatment usually involves seeing a therapist for a number of sessions on a regular basis. Seeking help There appear to be two main potential barriers when it comes to the treatment of depressed clients from ethnic minorities. Firstly, the help-seeking behaviours of African-Caribbean and other ethnic minority groups have attracted considerable attention in the research domain. Members of the African-Caribbean population are thought to be less likely to seek professional treatment for psychological distress (e.g. Bhui et al., 2003). Whilst reading a mountain of papers listing reasons why the help-seeking behaviour of people from ethnic minorities is so different, a few ideas sprung to my mind. From my own experience when people are very depressed they may struggle to get motivated and make less use of the support available to them. Moreover, I wonder whether one it is a possibility that African-Caribbeans do not approach services as much because of negative experiences of the UK mental health system. I recall seeing an elderly Jamaican gentleman for an assessment last year whilst working as an Assistant in a Clinical Health department. Following the very limited referral information I had, I elicited his ideas about what brought him to our service. He told me that he had felt unable to cope with his low mood and intrusive thoughts for some while, however he did not feel able to seek help because a family member of his had been treated unfairly by mental health staff before. Perhaps the reasons for people not acc essing treatment are simpler than we think. In their study of reasons for exclusion of African-Caribbean people in mental health services, Mclean et al., (2003) found the types of interactions between staff and patients strongly associated with disparities in treatment. They encourage positive, non-judgmental interactions as the first step on the path to social inclusion of mental health services (Mclean et al., 2003). Their study reminded me of a report I read recently on placement about the Circles of Fear (Salisbury Centre for Mental Health, 2002). Essentially, this report stipulates that people from ethnic minorities tend to have a more negative experience of the mental health system. People may then fear the consequences of becoming involved with it and avoid contact. This leads me to believe that we (the health service) are very much part of the reason why such individuals may not seek help. Geography may also be a reason for varying help-seeking behaviour. People living in rural areas are thought to be at risk of facing isolation and discrimination in mental health treatment (Barry et al., 2000). I do think there is something valuable about looking at populations which services are not reaching. However, it has just struck me that writing about the help-seeking behaviour of people can come across as quite blaming and puts the responsibility very much with the individual. Whatever the reason, if minority members are less likely to get appropriate care, I feel the focus should be on how to engage different members of society in effective care for depression. Fortunately, depressed people who fail to seek help for treatment can often be identified and treated in general medical settings (Shulberg et al., 1999). One study also suggests that the majority of people who are depressed do want help, regardless of their ethnicity (Dwight-Johnson et al., 1997). What I find particu larly interesting is that the desire for help seems to be related to the severity of the depression in precedence of their ethnic minority status. Thus it appears that ethnicity, severity of depression, geographical location, previous experiences with the mental health system and beliefs about what help is available all influence help-seeking behaviour. Psychological Treatment The second claimed difficulty in the treatment of African-Caribbean people who are depressed is poor attendance rates and incompletion of treatment (Bhugra Ayonrinde, 2004). There are also claims that African-Caribbean people are more likely to experience a poorer outcome from treatment. Given that the search for a biological cause for disparities in treatment success rates has not been fruitful we must turn our focus to other explanations. For example, we now know that the relationship between the therapist and client is a key component of treatment outcome (Hovarth Greenberg, 1994). As such, I am going to focus on those explanations which link to the therapeutic alliance. There are few empirical studies which explore how ethnic differences affect the therapeutic alliance and these have consisted mostly of client preferences. Cultural unfamiliarity may act as interference to some African-Caribbean people staying in psychological treatment (Davidson, 1987). In their study of secondary school students, Uhlemann et al., (2004) looked at how being an ethnic minority therapist affected relationships in a counselling setting. They found ethnic minority counsellors were perceived more favorably than white-Caucasian counsellors. Most students believed therapists were less able to understand or empathize with them if the therapist was ethnically different. In another study Coleman et al., (1995) surveyed studies comparing ethnic minority clients preferences of therapists, being ethnically similar or ethnically dissimilar. They found that in most cases clients preferred therapists of similar ethnic background, particularly those with strong cultural attachments. I acknowledge that this may be something to be aware of as a therapist; however I do not think this in itself would put people off psychological treatment. It might be useful for us as therapists to address this issue and to do so early on in the treatment process. One way of doing this could be to address any obvious ethnic differences and explore together how it may affect the given relationship. This may also help the process of understanding which is deemed very important in strengthening the therapeutic alliance. Whilst this is something I will try and be aware of in my practice, I also feel it is important to present this discussion in a realistic and in context. From my experience as a trainee, the age and amount of experience a therapist is far more valuable and influential than the ethnic status of a therapist. One lady I saw recently had difficulty accepting me as her therapist for the simple fact that she worried about how much I would be able to help her in comparison to a qualified clinical psychologist. There was also an ethnic difference between us but this was did not cause her concern. Similarly, Coleman et al., (1995) asked clients individuals in their study to list the characteristics of a competent therapist in order of importance. Sure enough, they found that people placed ethnic similarity below that of other characteristics such as educational ability, maturity, gender, personality and attitude. I think this illuminates just how important it is for us to tailor the treatment process to the individual needs and concerns of the client. Is a more holistic approach to psychological treatment of depression the answer? I do wonder whether CBT, the current preferred model of treatment, will soon lose its popularity. The somewhat prescriptive nature of CBT for depression may mean the varying needs of people in our multicultural climate are not being met. Rather than creating new and separate treatment models or services for ethnic minority clients, perhaps we should be embracing ones which encourage clients to lead the treatment. One model I find demonstrates this is the Recovery model. Recovery from mental illness is seen as a personal journey and the unique experiences of each individual are valued and explored (Jacobson Greenley, 2001). Treatment using this model works around helping the client gain hope, a secure base, supportive relationships, empowerment, social inclusion, coping skills, and finding meaning to their experiences. Although used more with individuals experiencing major mental health problems, I think the principles are very inclusive and useful for the treatment of any mental health problem, including depression. Of course, I have only touched upon one model and there are many more which embrace individual differences. Reflective statement As a current trainee on my adult mental health placement, I cannot pretend that I am able to provide an objective nor extensively experienced view. I am also aware that I am at the beginning of my first placement, in a service which very much promotes recovery from mental illness through understanding the individual rather than categorically through their psychiatric label. Whilst this may have had an influence over my stance towards the essay topic, I have witnessed the positive effects in my clinical work of not categorizing people and feel that this has indicated some valid concerns. Upon finishing this essay it came to mind that that the buoyancy of the essay may be a reflection of the ideas and questions I have been grappling with as part of my practice on placement. However, these ideas are by no means a closed deal and I continue to work with them in an applied context. Furthermore, I acknowledge that had I chosen to present this essay assuming that it was the therapist who was a member of an ethnic minority, my essay and conclusions may be very different. How will writing this essay affect my practice as a Trainee Clinical psychologist? I do feel we are in a contentious situation. If we treat people differently according to any issue of diversity we run the risk of perpetuating institutional racism. On the other side of the coin, if we work with everybody in exactly the same way and try and fit people in to Eurocentric systems then we run the risk of ignoring important cultural differences. What I will take from this is the importance of being sensitive to peoples backgrounds and experiences and investigation of what makes them who they are. I will definitely attempt to bring more flexibility, curiosity and receptiveness to my practice and acknowledge when there is a noticeable difference between myself and the client in the therapeutic setting. Conclusion In conclusion, membership of an ethnic minority group may influence the diagnosis and treatment process in how people experience depression, present to services and possibly how they proceed with psychological treatments. If we are to diagnose and treat depression through a Euro centric lens, we should be embracing the use of models which allow for cultural diversity in the diagnosis and treatment of depression. However, as I hope I have demonstrated in my writing, no two people in a therapeutic setting will ever be exactly the same. So how useful is it to continually focus on ethnic differences when they are just one drop in the ocean of diversity? Perhaps instead we need a shift in the dominant discourses surrounding ethnic differences in mental health? The real challenge I think we face is understanding how the identity of the individual contributes to the diagnosis and treatment of depression.

Guilty Betrayal in Arthur Koestlers Darkness at Noon Essay -- Europea

Guilty Betrayal in Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon depicts the fallacious logic of a totalitarian regime through the experiences of Nicolas Salmanovitch Rubashov. Rubashov had fought in the revolution and was once part of the Central Committee of the Party, but he is arrested on charges of instigating attempted assassinations of No. 1, and for taking part in oppositional, counter-revolutionary activities, and is sent to a Soviet prison. Rubashov, in his idle pacing throughout his cell, recollects his past with the Party. He begins to feel impulses of guilt, most especially in those moments he was required to expel devoted revolutionaries from the Party, sending them to their death. These subconscious feelings of guilt are oftentimes represented physically in the form of toothache or through day- or night-dreams. As his thought progresses with the novel, he begins to recognize his guilt, which emerges alongside his individuality. It remains in his subconscious, and it is not until Rubashov abs olves himself through silent resignation at his public trial that he is fully conscious of guilt. By joining the Party, Rubashov allows himself to forget the questions of human nature and of his individuality. The nature of his guilt lies in this betrayal of his individuality. Early in the novel, Rubashov experiences a chronic toothache that he later associates with recollections of past events or people for which he now feels guilty, although he did not feel so at the time. The toothache appears upon recollection of Richard's and Little Loewy's expulsion from the Party, and of Rubashov's inaction towards the expulsion and execution of Arlova. It occurs on "the right eye-tooth which [is... ...duality and still be a devoted Party member. Rubashov is guilty for the expulsion of many innocent Party members, but ultimately for the sacrifice of the knowledge of his identity for the Party system. Upon his arrest, he has felt his subconscious attempt to reach him through toothache and shivers. These physical manifestations of his guilt allow him to become fully conscious of his guilt and, consequently, the fallibility of the Party's beliefs and methods. Rubashov is also subconsciously aware that he must pay for his guilt. There is no method for redemption, save for dying in silence. Rubashov's resignation to silence during his public trial is his expression of individuality, his complete divergence from Party principle in the suppression of the individual. Works Cited: Koestler, Arthur. Darkness at Noon . New York: New American Library, 1948.

Product Mix and New Product Development Strategies Essay

The Coca-Cola versus Pepsi competition is perhaps the most well known rivalry in the history of marketing. Coke has long enjoyed the home field advantage, having become entrenched as the most popular and identifiable cola throughout the world. Although it has carved itself a substantial portion of the market, Pepsi has struggled to match the sales revenue of Coca-Cola; until recently. Although Pepsi has never come close to equaling Coke cola market share, they have become more aggressive and adept than Coke in cornering the non-carbonated beverage market. It is in this market that Pepsi is seeking to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage over Coke. It their quest to acquire and develop new products, will the use of the PTSTP method help Pepsi develop new products in order to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage?A product is defined in three levels; core, actual, and augmented. The core of the product is the benefit it offers the consumer. For the example of colas, it could be refreshment, energy (sugar and caffeine), alertness, or just pleasure. The soda itself is the actual product. The augmented product for a cola could be the recognition and status gains perceived by drinking that particular brand. Or it could even be the weight loss from sticking to diet colas. For the development of new products, we first need to identify what consists of a new product. There are six categories of new products:1.New-To-The-World. This is a product that has no like product offered elsewhere. For example, when the first personal computer was offered to the public, this would be a new product. 2.New Product Lines. This is when similar products exist, possibly even under the same brand, but a new line of the product offers some tangible difference to those products already offered. For example, offering diet colas in addition to regular colas under the same brand. 3.Product Line Additions. This is the addition of a product that is directly related to one offered. For example, offering Vanilla Coke for sale alongside Coke. 4.Improvements/Revisions. This is a product which has already been offered,  but some change or revision has been made to the products properties. For example: New Coke, or anything labeled â€Å"new and improved.†5.Repositioned Products. The same product offered in a new market or directed towards a new target market. For example Pepsi bringing Sabritas chips into the US to target the Hispanic market. 6.Lower-Priced Products. This is simply reducing the price of an existing product to stimulate sales. New products affect the product mix of a company. Product mix is generally defined as â€Å"the total composite of products offered by a particular organization.† The product mix includes both individual products and product lines. A product line is a group of products which are closely related by function, customer base, distribution, or price range. To use Pepsi as an example, Pepsi’s product mix includes beverages and potato chips. The beverage product line consists of carbonated, non-carbonated, and water. Pepsi, Gatorade, and Aquafina all are individual products. PTSTP is a mnemonic for the five step process underlying Target Marketing and Positioning. The five steps are as follows:1.Identify competitive Products. 2.Define the Target market. 3.Determine the basis for Segmentation. 4.Determine if any Target markets are underserved. 5.Develop a Product for the underserved market. By using this method, a company can identify a gap in a particular market segment. This gap may be present because there is no product to fill it, or because the current product is reaching the end of its life-cycle, thus creating an opportunity for new growth. To answer the previous question, we will contrast the PTSTP method to Coca-Cola and Pespi’s development of the non-carbonated beverage market. Pepsi has continually struggled to match Coke’s market share in colas and other carbonated beverages. Coke enjoys a 44% slice of the market compared to Pepsi’s 32%. During their 108 year rivalry, Pepsi has never come close to selling as much soda as Coke. Much of this is due to Coke’s brand recognition. Although in 2006 Pepsi, for the first time, beat Coke in beverages sold. This was due to Pepsi’s embracement of the non-carbonated beverage market, where it led the market with a 24% share over Coke’s 16%. Pepsi was able to recognize and take advantage of the growing non-carbonized market much earlier than Coca-Cola. Although cola sales have recently stagnated to less than 1% growth, non-carbonated beverages grew 8% in 2004. Much of the failure of Coke to expand into this market can be traced back to the stubbornness of Coke executives to expand beyond the soda market. Coke had an opportunity to acquire Quaker Oats in the 1990’s, but passed on the opportunity. Instead, Pepsi acquired Quaker Oats in 2001. Among Quaker Oats assets were Gatorade and Snapple, both leaders in their markets. Although these product lines were already established, they represented new products to Pepsi, as they represented Pepsi’s introduction into the non-carbonated beverage market. As a result, Pepsi owns a commanding lead in the sports drink market, with Gatorade holding an 80% share to Coke’s Powerade at 15%. Until 2001, Coca-Cola had been reluctant to embrace new products. They were not willing to extend their company and take the chance in the non-carbonated market, until they saw the success Pepsi was having. In addition to passing up on Quaker Oats, Coke lost a bidding war for the Sobe line of enhanced juices, and their bid for the Planet Java line of coffees and teas was not embraced by their independent bottlers. However, since 2000 Coke has been actively seeking new products in this market, including the acquisition of the successful Minute Maid juice line. The difference in philosophy has made the difference for Pepsi. In fact, losing the cola wars may have been the best thing for Pepsi. This forced Pepsi to look outside the soda realm in order to increase profits. As Pepsi’s CEO, Steven Reinemund believes that his company’s growth is due to their constant quest for change, that â€Å"Innovation is what consumers are  looking for, particularly in the small, routine things of their life.† Pepsi’s willingness to embrace new product lines has given them the edge over Coke for the first time in history. Their offerings of Quaker Oats’ beverages, Sobe, and Aquafina have all been firsts for a soda company. As a result, they have gained the brand recognition over Coke’s subsequent offerings, leading to an increased market share. In order for Pepsi to maintain their competitive advantage over Coke, they need to follow the advice of Reinemund, by remaining innovative. PTSTP can help them sustain this advantage. By identifying potential markets, and developing products for these markets, they can continue to capture new market shares. The beverage market is saturated with options for the consumer, with new products appearing everyday. Many of these products are variations on existing products. For example, energy drinks have become very popular in the past few years. As a result the market has become flooded with options. It will become increasingly difficult to introduce new products in this category. By using PTSTP, Pepsi can identify a new niche in this market, or a different market to exploit. Using the energy drinks as an example, the competitors range from Fuze, Red Bull, and many others. By defining the target market, they can identify that the same demographics both tend to buy sodas and energy drinks. Pepsi can then segment the market into young males (18-30). They then determine that the target market of combined soda energy drinks is underserved. They then develop a product to serve this market. Thus Pepsi Max is born. By using PTSTP, Pepsi has created a new product in soda energy drinks, Pepsi Max. It is this type of creativity and innovation that is embraced by Reinemund, and will serve to keep Pepsi with a sustained competitive advantage over Coke. Only by using a method such as PTSTP, can underserved markets be identified and exploited. References 1. http://business.enotes.com/business-finance-encyclopedia/product-mix2. Brady, Diane (). A Thousand and One Noshes: How Pepsi deftly adapts products to changing consumer tastes. Business Week. 14 Jun 20043. Foust, Dean. Things Go Better With †¦ Juice: Coke’s new CEO will have to move quickly to catch up in noncarbonated drinks. Business Week. 17 May 20044. Brooker, Katrina. How Pepsi outgunned Coke: Losing the cola wars was the best thing that ever happened to Pepsi — while Coke was celebrating, PEP took over a much larger market. FORTUNE 1 Feb 2006http://money.cnn.com/2006/02/01/news/companies/pepsi_fortune/index.htm5. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_three_levels_of_a_product.htm